8. Fixation: It is the inability to see a problem from a new perspective or an impediment to problem solving. For example, if one is working on a puzzle it starts to get difficult to see all of the puzzle pieces after awhile. It is good to walk away from the problem and come back and see it from a fresh perspective. When coming back to the puzzle, a lot of times the hard piece you were looking for is so easy to find.
9. Mental Set: It is the tendency to approach a problem in a particular way; especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem. For example, if there is a math problem that requires a specific way to solve it, you may look at a problem and see the correct way to do it because that specific way has brought success in the past, but this mental set could cause one to overlook the easy way of solving the math problem.
10. Functional Fixedness: It is the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions or it is an impediment to problem solving. For example, if a door is locked in your house one may look all over for the correct key when a paper clip could have done the job easily.
11. Representativeness Heuristic: It is the judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or math, particular prototypes; this may lead one to ignore other relevant information. For example, because of female and male gender roles one may connect men with working and sports and one may connect females with cooking and cleaning. This perception could go into representativeness heuristics when either men or women could be in either role.
12. Availability Heuristic: It is the estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, or if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. For example, if one asks a person who has more fun, most people will say blondes have more fun because that is what everyone says. Since everyone always says that it is more available in our memory.
13. Overconfidence: It is the tendency to be more confident than correct or to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments. For example, lots of people become overconfident when gambling. Since they keep winning, they keep spending more money thinking that they will keep doing well when in reality that is not true.
14. Framing: It is the way an issue is posed or how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. For example, when a dessert is considered fat free, most people think that they can eat as much as they want even though the dessert is still three hundred calories. By saying it is fat free, the dessert seems more healthy.
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